A Portrait of a Perfect Academic Cheater A Jobless Male in Humanity Faculty

A Portrait of a Perfect Academic Cheater: A Jobless Male in Humanity Faculty Cheating is nothing new in the academic world; students cheat when they’re not fully prepared for their exam. They, also, resort to cheating when working on an important paper for the class. With the incredible progress of technology, cheating became more frequent as students had more options. Some transfer data to their smartphone, others copy and paste content to their paper after finding someone else’s work online. Plus, students also plagiarize content without even realizing it; primarily because they aren’t familiar with the fine line between quotation and plagiarizing. However, not all students are the same, and some are more likely to cheat than others. Prevalence of academic cheating When it comes to academic cheating, we usually assume everybody does it. Rare are the occasions when you take some time to think who’s more likely to opt for this type of behavior. A study conducted by researchers at the King Saud University from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia provided a useful insight into this subject. For the purpose of the study, researchers analyzed results of two surveys on cheating and plagiarism which included 148 students who anonymously completed the questionnaire. All participants were undergraduate students in levels 3 – 6 wherein the level is equal to one semester e.g. level 1 is the first semester, level 2 is the second, and so on. Here’s what researchers discovered: 15.54% students have copied answers from others during an exam 54.73% participants were pressured to give answers during an exam 6.08% students wrote answers on body parts 21.62% students paid someone to complete an assignment for them. Reasons for cheating varied, including: 31.52% said they cheated due to difficulty of an exam 30.43% didn’t prepare enough 36.96% didn’t have enough time to study 9.78% mentioned having the lenient professor made them cheat 7.61% students cheated because it was fun 31.52% elaborated they cheated because having good grades is important 11.5% students said cheating was ethical. Who’s more likely to cheat? The study, published in the Journal of Applied Sciences, also showed findings from other projects including a research featuring a random selection of 380 surveys of whom 157 were males, and 123 were female students. This study revealed that students in the humanity faculties were more inclined to cheat than their counterparts. No differences are found regarding the educational levels of students while there’s a clear distinction between genders. Males proved to be more likely to resort to the academic cheating than female students. The same results were seen in research from Iran which included 132 students of whom 79 were females, and 52 were males old between 18 and 36. Analyzed data showed that cheating is quite common in Iranian language students who also mentioned the following reasons for their behavior: Not studying enough for exams Lack of time to study Carelessness Lack of punishment from professors. As you may already noticed, reasons for cheating are quite similar in students from different countries. Interestingly, researchers discovered that regarding academic cheating occupational status plays a pivotal role. You see, jobless students were more likely to cheat than working students. After summing up the substantial amount of evidence, it’s possible to construct a portrait of a typical academic cheater. It’s a jobless male in humanity studies who didn’t study enough or decides to cheat because professors don’t punish this act harshly i.e. he has no fear of being caught because he’s aware nothing serious would happen anyway.

Effective Communication Case Study Analysis Case 9-1...

Effective Communication Case Study Analysis Case 9-1 Pepsi Syringe University of Phoenix Public Relations / MKT 438 Charles Bocage, Dean of Education, Apagy Technology Group, MBA, MSIS, TQM January 22, 2007 Effective Communication Case Study Analysis Case 9-1 Theres a Syringe in My Pepsi Can Public, private, and non-profit organizations have experienced unprecedented change. The function of public relations has gained recognition for providing appropriate counsel to organizations that need to respond to this period of accelerating change. The perception that a public relations person is oriented to the self-promotion of an organization has shifted. Todays public relations professionals are required to work†¦show more content†¦The companys president and a product safety expert appeared on many talk shows and nightly newscasts. Pepsi also cooperated fully with the government and the FDA. The subsequent investigation and its positive result further substantiated Pepsis innocence. The effect on the general public was immense. They believed Pepsis innocence fully. If the FDA says the product is safe then it is safe. The president and Commissioner Kessler appeared on newscast together. A good example of influencing the public was stated in the article, It was th e FDAs office of Criminal Investigation, in fact, that reported the breakthrough in the arrest of the man in central Pennsylvania. (p. 125, Seitel) In addition to the Commissioner was noted saying that calm is in orderÂ… recall is not necessary. All of these occurrences influenced and persuaded both the internal and external publics. The risks could have been many to Pepsi. Yet and still they weathered the storm and came out unscathed. The benefits to Pepsi were tremendous. Their sales peaked after the crisis settled down, showing that even negative publicity can have a positive impact. During the storm however, Pepsi saw a decline in sales. If this crisis occurred today the internet, pdas and smart phones would have played a huge part of the PR communication. Press Releases, Television broadcasts, and websites would be devoted to the incident. Globalization would have played aShow MoreRelatedTools and Techniques in Pr6845 Words   |  28 PagesTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN PUBLIC RE LATIONS INDEX 1. TOOLS IN PUBLIC RELATIONS 2. PUBLICITY MEDIA 3. TYPES OF PUBLICITY 4. OTHER FORMS OF PUBLICITY 5. TECHNIQUES USED TO SOLVE PR PROBLEMS 6. PR PROCESS 7. ISSUE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (New Jersey Physicians case) 8. CRISIS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ( Mattel, Pepsi, Bhopal Gas Tragedy and Exxon case) 9. MODELS IN PR : Open System, Cybernetics and Roles of PR. Tools in Public Relations Publicity is the deliberate attempt to manageRead MoreRoadmap to Csr Sustainability in Healthcare16191 Words   |  65 PagesThis    part    also    provides    detailed    information    about    the    key    CSR    terms,    hospital    case    studies    and    significant    CSR    issues    relevant    to    hospital   functions.   In   short,   Part   One   will   serve   three   main   purposes:       1. Gives    the    readers    a    thorough    understanding    of    what    CSR    is    and    how    it    is

Globalization and Technology - 1448 Words

Introduction Throughout the essay, I will be evaluating how globalisation and technology may influence future offices being paper-less and people-less and how communication is heavily influenced by technology. Globalisation is a very complex term with various definitions, in business terms, â€Å"globalization describes the increasingly global nature of markets, the tendency for transnational businesses to configure their business activities on a worldwide basis, and to co-ordinate and integrate their strategies and operations across national boundaries† (Stonehouse, Campbell, Hamill and Purdie, 2004, p. 5). Currently in the global environment, there is a strong sense of competition that must be achieved through better performance, almost†¦show more content†¦This therefore allows transport costs to be reduced, thus reducing the costs of communication between buyers and sellers in different countries and increasing the level of international trade (James, 1999). However, storing f iles and important information on computers and online, does not always guarantee their safety since they can still be susceptible to hacks, therefore further investment in protection may be needed against these which can require more funding and time (Dubey, 2012). On the other hand, with technology improving, opening up different ways of communicating and the potential for more efficient, flexible and speedier systems of communication, future offices may lean towards being paperless and people-less but not enough for future offices to be fully paper-less or people-less. Despite telecommunication facilities existing, not everyone has access to them, such as certain European countries, the poor and those who cannot afford to participate in computer and communication revolutions who are not able to connect with others (Mohammadi, 1997). Communication through technology can also have a negative impact on business relationships. Internet technology such as Skype, a software that allows text, voice and video share with others, is free, however internet/wifi is still required for it to be used. Organisations often use Skype as a form of communication, for example, a businessShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and Technology2170 Words   |  9 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY I think that if we want to talk about globalization first of all we must define what the globalization is. Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-beingRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Globalization932 Words   |  4 PagesOver the past centuries we have seen a substantial amount of technological progress. Technology has had a great impact on our economy and our standards of living and has shaped the modern world we live in today. This essay will discuss how technology has affected globalization, economic growth and the distribution of income and whether that effect was beneficial or detrimental. Economic activity, before globalization, was limited within a region and the production was focused on agriculture goods thatRead MoreThe Effect of Technology on Globalization1890 Words   |  8 Pagesrecent years about globalization, its impact has been both praised and criticized. Globalization is defined as the process enabling financial and investment markets to operate internationally, largely as a result of deregulation and improved communications. I believe the technological advances have had a positive impact on globalization. The use of cellular/mobile phones and the internet have allowed easier access to conduct business anywhere in the world. Evidence of globalization can be seen inRead MoreIs Technology A Force Behind Globalization?1161 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization is a powerful method that assists countries to interact with each other. Countries can interact through traveling, trading imports and exports, technology, and mostly communication. In particular, media technology increases globalization, it helps interlink people and it causes change globally. Google, Iphones, and social networks are examples fast growing technological trends since floppy disks.  In fact, communication technology is uprising, from the iPhones to GPS satellites, to mediaRead MoreHow Technology Is Impacting Globalization974 Words   |  4 Pages Globalization is the process by which people, businesses and countries become more connected and interdependent. With new technology it has become so much easier to access data, from anywhere in the world. The world has many problems that cannot be fixed without globalization and by moving tow ards one global culture. The world is moving towards one global culture because different cultures are adapting and sharing ideas of others that are gradually changing the way people in these cultures liveRead MoreThe Impacts of Globalization and Technology on Healthstream1205 Words   |  5 PagesHealthstream Over the last several years, globalization and technology are having an impact on the kinds of changes that are occurring inside a variety of corporations. In the case of Healthstream, the firm is focused on reaching out to clients in the healthcare sector by providing innovative technological solutions. The different areas they are focusing on include: learning / talent management, administrative support, employee training / continuing education and account management. These elementsRead MoreTechnology And Globalization And International Trade2154 Words   |  9 Pageslast few decades due to innovation and globalization and international trade. Many organizations have increased economic activity across the world and have shorten the time it takes products to be produced, transported, and received to consumers domestic and internationally. With the advancement of new technology, many companies have expanded their markets by implementing tools and by the customer and government re gulation. With the rise of globalization, warehouses have become a more promenadeRead MoreGlobalization And Technology Strategy Assignment1406 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization and Technology Strategy Assignment Paper 1: Examples of IT efforts that run, grow, or transform the business it serves Hung Le Kent State University â€Æ' ABSTRACT Since the introduction of Information Technology, the business world has been transformed. 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The industrial organization model will be discussed to determine steps needed to maximize the potential for increased earnings. Furthermore, McDonald s vision, mission, and stakeholder impacts will be presented which is essential. Globalization and Technology Change Impacting McDonald s McDonald’s was first established in 1940 by Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino, California. Their headquarters is now located in Oak Brook, Illinois. Globalization and

Social Media Competitive Analysis and Text Mining

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Competitive Analysis and Text Mining. Answer: Introduction In this report a complete study has been prepared on the marketing study of Pizza Hut. There are several marketing mix have been discussed which reflects how Pizza hut could win the given market segment. There are several marketing mix which could be addressed by Pizza hut in its marketing strategies such a price, place, product, people, process. In this case study an adamantine study has been prepared over the process of Pizza hut to implement online sales portal for the better satisfaction of clients in todays world. There are several other factors which could be identified by Pizza hut for the betterment of its online sales. In this case study it is found that Pizza hut want to make changes in its marketing mix by adopting online sales portal. The main aim of Pizza hut is to provide rapid order and delivering functioning chain which could be used as core competency in this competitive market to eliminate the competition from the market. What are the marketing mix variable addressed by Pizza hut and how? Marketing mix- It is the most developed marketing strategy which is used by organization with a view to make its marketing plans effective. Products- Pizza hut has planned to provide its Italian food around all over the world. By adopting newly developed technology it has planned to increase the demand of products. Price- It is the main major concern of marketing mix. Company by entering into strategic alliance with I phone has developed an online portal for clients and employees. With the help of these enterprises resources planning company has develop an online portal for its clients so that they could place orders in easy and determined approach (Freeman., et al., 2014). Place- Pizza hut has allowed to its customers to place their order with the help of their I Phone. It has helped their clients to save time and energy in buying the products from Pizza hut stores. Promotion- Company has adopted a newly developed promotion strategy in which it has entered into strategic alliance with I phone. With the process, Pizza hut will increase its potential number of customer by allowing them special discount who book their orders through its new app. Physical evidence- Pizza hut has developed its supply chain to the level where it could deliver orders placed by its clients in very less span of time. It is evaluated that clients could book their orders within 5 minutes through their pizza hut downloaded app. It helps them to get special discount and other offers. Process- Clients by downloading new app in their I Phone could be able to place orders for the products offered by Pizza hut. However, Pizza hut should also indulge in strategic alliance with other organizations as well so that it could increase its sales (Fish, 2016). Now it could be inferred that Pizza hut could increase its sales in very drastic manner by adopting newly developed app for its clients. However, it has observed that with the increasing ramification of economical changes sales of I- phones has increased which will eventually results into increment of Pizza hut turnover as well. Identify Pizza Huts success factors in relation to online customer experience with the application. Why was the application effective and what will be your recommendation for further improvement? Pizza Hut is leading company in selling Italian foods around the globe. Company has come up with its online business selling plan which will increase its sales in drastic manner. It has been observed that the real reason behind the success factors of products sales of Pizza Hut is related with its innovative ideal. It is considered that company has adopted newly different strategies which will keep its marketing strategy totally different form its other rivals in market. In addition to this sales of I-Phone in market have also been increased in significant manner which will eventually results into increment in online market share for Pizza Hut. Therefore, it could be inferred that Pizza Hut has provide easier process system to its clients which would renders client to easily place order with Pizza Hut. In addition to this, all the online strategies and other offers provided by Pizza Hut are clients oriented and designed with a view to increase clients satisfaction. Pizza Hut has also made its enterprises resources planning very easy and simple which could be handled by a layman as well for placing orders from theirs I- phone. By evaluating the current data it is also found that Pizza Hut has increased its revenue by US $ 1 million which is covered only from its developed I phone app. This will provide additional income to Pizza Hut and also result into increment in brand image as well (Freeman, et al. 2014). Why this application is effective This application is effective because all the people in this world are technology oriented. This innovative idea and developed brand image of company have resulted into increment in the total turnover of company. Therefore, effectiveness of this application depended upon innovation, increase brand image and clients oriented business functioning. Pizza Hut should make changes in its existing application. As there are high numbers of clients who are using android based mobile phones. Therefore, company should also grasp them for making its business effective. This will not only increase the total turnover of company but also increase its brand image in effective manner. Conclusion Now by evaluating each and every factors of this case study it could b inferred that Pizza Hut have adopted novel approach in its marketing mix. Moreover, company should make changes in its developed app by adding clients who use android based phone to increase the total turnover of company. Now in the end it would be said that with the delicious Italian food and newly developed technology company will easily win the market and will render tough competition for its rivals. References Fish, W. W. (2016). Perceptions of parents of students with autism towards the IEP meeting: A case study of one family support group chapter.Education,127(1), 56. Freeman, B., Kelly, B., Baur, L., Chapman, K., Chapman, S., Gill, T. and King, L., 2014. Digital junk: Food and beverage marketing on Facebook.American journal of public health,104(12), pp.e56-e64. He, W., Zha, S. and Li, L., 2013. Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case study in the pizza industry.International Journal of Information Management,33(3), pp.464-472.

The Red Room by HG Wells with The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay Example For Students

The Red Room by HG Wells with The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay The to stories that Im going to compare are The Red Room by H. G. Wells and The Signalman by Charles Dickens. The Red Room was written in the pre 20th century and The Signalman was written earlier. Both stories are of a gothic genre. The authors try to keep the reader gripped until the ending in different ways. Charles Dickens uses strange happenings to get you gripped to reading the book e. g. The narrator calls down at the signalman but instead of looking up to see who is calling, he looks the other way down the track. This happens at the beginning of the story which is effective because it gets the reader asking questions about the story. Also H G Wells uses strong words to describe things e. g. steeped in the glow an angry sunset|. This use of personification angry is effective because it gives the reader a clearer view of what is happening. H G Wells creates suspense by repeating Its your own choosing. This is a warning for the narrator from the man with the withered arm. The narrator has come to prove his point that there is no such thing as the supernatural but the man with the withered arm tries his best to persuade him otherwise. H G Wells creates a weird atmosphere. All the characters in the story are odd in different ways; there is a man with a withered arm, pale eyes, monstrous shadow. This creates tension by getting the reader to ask questions about the characters and the gothic theme. H G Wells also describes the house as weird by giving it queer old mirrors and creaking doors. We will write a custom essay on The Red Room by HG Wells with The Signalman by Charles Dickens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This also adds to the gothic theme, he repeats the warning This night of all nights through the story. This again is trying to persuade the narrator otherwise of his current thoughts. The Signalman starts in a weird way, the narrator calls down to the signalman but he doesnt acknowledge him, this weirdness suggests a gothic story. The story is written in the first person, this has the effect o seeing the story through the narrators eyes giving us a better picture of whats happening. As a reader you have plunged straight into the mystery. The main character, (The Signalman) begins the weird happenings within the first paragraph, setting a weird feel. This has a big effect on the initial atmosphere of the story as the reader begins asking questions in his head about the story. The tense atmosphere continues throughout, The Signalman. The Red Room is written in the first person. The effect of this is that you can see through his eyes and have a better picture of what is happening. You also get a better view of the gothic genre. Because of the thorough descriptions. This story doesnt put us straight into a false sense of security instead it gradually builds suspense. The suspense in The Red Room plummets and climbs a lot, it isnt a constant suspense. This gives the reader the time to prepare for the next shock. We learn at the beginning of the story that the narrator isnt easily scared and doesnt believe in the supernatural. I can assure you said I that it will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me. The greatest suspense begins when the narrator makes his way towards the red room. The long, draughty, subterranean passage was chilly and dusty, and my candle flared and made the shadows cower and quiver. On entering the red room the narrator is quite calm. My mind however was perfectly clear. I postulated quite unreservedly that nothing supernatural could happen and he doesnt believe, but when he comes back out of the room he believes and then is scared. The worst of all the things that haunted poor mortal man said I and that is, in all its nakedness-fear! To get a gothic atmosphere the other characters are weird. .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .postImageUrl , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:hover , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:visited , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:active { border:0!important; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:active , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 Analytical Journal EssayThe old woman speaks to the narrator without looking him in the eye and breaks into conversation. Theres a man with a funny eye and a man with a withered arm. Both these stories are of the same genre but are different in the way that they create an atmosphere and bring it to a climax. The characters in the stories create atmosphere in different ways also. The Signalman creates tension by acting weird. The characters in The Red Room are also weird but are in a physical way. In my opinion both stories are as good as each other because of the interesting techniques used.

egg drop Research Paper Example

egg drop Research Paper Example egg drop Paper egg drop Paper egg drop BY alan725 Egg Drop Project There were five forces that where acting on my container there where gravity, inertia, air resistance, shock, and impact. The contraption is trying to lessen the gravity for it would be so light weight that it will glide on the wind and not hit the floor so hard. And it is trying to alter the air resistance force so like I said to try to glide on the wind. Some of the feature of the container was the square block so no matter where it hit it would have the same amount of stuffing. The dimensions of the box where 6 for the height, 6 for the width, and 6 for length. The container serves to lessen or alter the effect of the force by being square so even padding and lightweight were it wont hit the ground too hard. Newtons first law was an object in motion will continue moving unless something stops it from moving. That law relates to my project by saying my contraption will stay in motion till it hit the ground. Newtons second law was heavier the object the more force it takes to move and lighter objects require less force too move. The force in which the egg hits the ground will equal the mass of the egg. Newtons third law is for every action of force there is an equal and opposite reaction f force. While moving downwards, the force of gravity is pulling the egg down. However, when the force is acting on the opposite direction too thats due to air resistance. Some improvements that I could of have been made on my contraption would be to add some support on my contraption because with it fell my contraption bend and could of broke the egg. Another adjustment that could have been made should be to have had some padding in the side in case the contraption would have fallen on a corner. I tested the contraption 4 times my first contraption ended with a racked egg because had no support so instead of Just bubble wrap I got a small plastic bag and put packing peanuts and bubble wrap. So I tried it again with the new way and cracked so I had my dad help fgure out why it was because it needed like and outer shell to help it and that is when the cardboard box came and helped us. So I tried with the box and it broke and we figured out why. It was because the box fell and hit the corner so we added padding in all the side so no matter what side it hit it would be protected. So the last time we tested the contraption it worked.

Audiovisual Cues in Bilingual Language Acquisition

Audiovisual Cues in Bilingual Language Acquisition Article title: Bilingualism modulates infants’ selective attention to the mouth of a talking face Authors: Pons, F., Bosch, L., Weikum et al., 2007). Significant research has been conducted to explore the auditory domain of bilingual language acquisition and there is strong evidence that both bilinguals and monolinguals rely on redundant audiovisual speech (Rosenblum, 2008; Stein, 2012; Sebastià ¡n-Gallà ©s et al., 2012). However, this paper seeks to understand the importance of audiovisual cues as a mechanism that bilingual infants utilize during complex language processing in comparison to monolingual infants. METHODS (234 words) To test these predictions they conducted two experiments each on infants whose native languages were Spanish/Catalan. The goal of the first experiment was to extend the findings of previous studies about monolingual, native English speaking, infants’ use of audiovisual speech cues to infants whose native languages are eithe r Spanish or Catalan. Sixty monolingual infants (with native languages of either Spanish or Catalan) participated in this experiment and formed three groups: 4, 8 and 12 month-old infants with 20 participants in each group. Stimuli, 45-second videos of one of two female actors speaking a monologue in English or Spanish/Catalan, were presented on a computer screen in front of the infant. Each infant watched one video of a monologue in their native language and a second video of a monologue in English. Throughout the procedure, an eye-tracker was utilized to enable researchers to collect data about their attention to two areas of interest (AOI), the speaker’s mouth and eyes. The second experiment investigated how bilingual infants’ selective attention to these AOI changes and develops in their first year of life. 63 Spanish-Catalan bilingual infants (once again divided into groups of 4, 8 and 12-month-olds) were presented with the same stimuli as in the first experimen t and researchers tracked their eye movements to AOI. They conducted a Mann-Whitney test to compare the vocabularies of the monolingual and bilingual infants and found no significant difference between their lexica. DISCUSSION (399 words) The results from the first experiment successfully extended the findings of Lewkowicz and Hansen Tift’s (2012) study to monolingual speakers in Spain of Catalan or Spanish. They saw the same developmental trends with language acquisition and attention to AOI with this group of infants: when presented with both native and non-native audiovisual stimuli 4-month-old infants spent more time attending to the eyes of the speaker and 8-month-old infants spend more time attending to the mouth of the speaker. When presented with stimuli in their native language, the 12-month-old infants spent equal time looking at the mouth and eyes but with stimuli in their non-native language they spent more time looking at the mouth than the eyes. One of th e most intriguing comparisons explores the differences between the monolingual and bilingual infants’ developmental pattern of attention during audiovisual stimuli presentation (comparing Experiment 1 and 2). They found the biggest differences at 4-months and 12-months. 4-month-old bilingual infants attended equally to the mouth and eyes while the 4-month-old monolinguals spent more time attending to the eyes. 12-month-old bilingual infants spent more time attending to the mouth in both native and non-native language presentation while the monolinguals attended more to the mouth only in non-native trials. On average the bilingual infants spent more time attending to the mouth of the speaker than monolinguals at their same age. These findings support evidence that audio input is not the sole contributor to language acquisition and differentiation. Visual cues are crucial in understanding and interpreting speech because there is not a 1:1 relationship between speech signals a nd meaning; we must use hermeneutics and external cues to make sense of language. The McGurk Effect demonstrates this idea: when just using audio input a person hears â€Å"ba, ba† but when provided with audiovisual stimulus, a person hears â€Å"da da† as a result of hearing â€Å"ba, ba† but seeing the mouth produce â€Å"ga ga.† These early studies illustrate the importance of visual input but do not explore how this reliance on external cues during development is different for bilinguals. This paper offers fascinating evidence that shows how monolingual and bilingual infants rely on audiovisual input to acquire, perceive and comprehend language. Research still must explore how these effects continue after 12 months old, once native and non-native language systems are more defined: do bilingual young adults still look more at the mouth than the eyes of a speaker? REFERENCES Bijeljac-Babic, R., Serres, J., Hà ¶hle, B., & Nazzi, T. (2012). Effect of bilingualism on lexical stress pattern discrimination in French-learning infants. PLoS ONE , 7 (2), e30843.       Bosch, L., & Sebastià ¡n-Gallà ©s, N. (2001b). Evidence of early language discrimination abilities in infants from bilingual environments. Infancy , 2 , 29-49. Lewkowicz, D. J., & Hansen-Tift, A. M. (2012). Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 109 , 1431-1436. Oller, D. K., Eilers, R. E., Urbano, R., & Cobo-Lewis, A. B. (1997). Development of precursors to speech in infants exposed to two languages. Journal of Child Language , 24 , 407-426. Pons, F., Bosch, L., & Lewkowicz, D.J. (2014). Bilingualism modulates infants’ selective attention to the mouth of a talking face. Psychological Science , 26.4, 490-498. Rosenblum, L. D. (2008). Speech perception as a multimodal phenomenon. Current Directions in Psychological Science , 17 , 405-409. Stein, B. E. (2012). The new handbook of multisensory process- ing . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Weikum, W. M., Vouloumanos, A., Navarra, J., Soto-Faraco, S., Sebastià ¡n-Gallà ©s, N., & Werker, J. F. (2007). Visual lan- guage discrimination in infancy. Science , 316 , 1159.